Using Narture Efficiently essays

Utilizing Narture Efficiently expositions Utilizing Nature Efficiently Keeps an eye on relationship and treatment of nature, as far as the outside, has changed drastically after some time. This change has been straightforwardly identified with how man depends on nature to endure. The issue has been choosing if our treatment of nature is suitable and reasonable for all of which nature impacts. Do people reserve the option to utilize nature such that addresses our issues and needs, however detracts from those of creatures? People relationship and treatment of nature ought to compare to our societys needs and objectives, taking from nature just what we need and attempting to address the necessities of everybody influenced. Our societys expanded urbanizations and industrialization worldwide has diminished our immediate reliance on nature to endure. Thus, our relationship with nature has changed drastically. Barry Lopez is an author known for his temperament expositions. In The American Geographies, he depicts this difference in reliance by saying, it has just been in the last not many hundred years or with the goal that a people could stand to disregard their neighborhood topographies as totally as we do and still endure (152). This statement stresses the absence of an individual relationship with nature that the majority of us have today. A thousand years back, man utilized the earth to achieve all requirements for endurance; food, apparel, and haven were totally gotten from unadulterated types of nature unaltered by any manufactured procedures that we use today. They developed the entirety of their food and made safe houses and attire from characteristic substances utilizing apparatuses made of compon ents discovered straightforwardly in nature. Be that as it may, they despite everything utilized and took from nature what they expected to endure, just in an unexpected route in comparison to we do today. These individuals of antiquated occasions utilized nature in a good manner, taking just what they expected to endure and leaving bounty for the common habitat around them. In any case, their little populace and traveling lifestyl... <!

Travis Hirschi Social Bond Theory Free Essays

Protected* Populations †Examples incorporate, however are not restricted to: Children/Minors (younger than 18) (Exception †ventures directed in built up or generally acknowledged instructive settings including typical instructive practices. Contact IRB office for direction. ) Prisoners (presently incorporates non-openly accessible auxiliary information) Pregnant ladies Fetuses and results of work and conveyance Individuals with reduced ability to give assent Mentally or genuinely tested people *Sensitive Information †Examples incorporate, yet are not restricted to: Information identifying with an individual’s mental prosperity or psychological well-being Information identifying with sexual perspectives, inclinations, or practices Information identifying with the utilization of liquor or medications Information identifying with unlawful conduct Data that whenever discharged could sensibly put the person in danger of criminal or common risk or be harming to the individual’s monetary standing, employability, or notoriety Information that would regularly be recorded in a patient’s clinical record and the revelation could sensibly prompt segregation, demonization, and so on. We will compose a custom article test on Travis Hirschi Social Bond Theory or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now There are a few classifications of secured subjects. Kids †Subpart D of the government guidelines securing human subjects, consolidated in Georgetown’s strategies, gives extra assurances to youngsters. Research with youngsters as subjects can be absolved in just two occurrences: {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Prisoners †Subpart C to the administering guidelines gives extra protects to detainees as research subjects. Basically, the guidelines are intended to dishearten the utilization of detainees as subjects except if the exploration will tangibly influence the lives of detainees. They are not, as such, to be utilized as a hostage populace. An IRB that audits a convention with detainees as subjects must have a detainee delegate on the advisory group. 3. A. Youngsters Children are viewed as secured in light of the fact that their childhood may make full comprehension of the dangers and advantages of an examination inconceivable, making them unfit to settle on a genuinely educated choice. Perceiving that guidelines may fluctuate from state to state and nation to nation, the IRB characterizes a kid as any person younger than 18. In the event that an examination will happen in a zone where diverse lawful definitions exist, the analyst should join this data into the proposition on the off chance that the individual in question is looking for a waiver of necessities for this secured populace. In the event that the subjects of an examination will be kids, the analyst is relied upon to regard every youngster as a self-sufficient being. Therefore, the scientist must make sure about the consent of every kid just as the assent of the child’s guardians/watchmen or legitimate delegates. In the event that a youngster can't peruse, the assent procedure should be adjusted to give the data orally. Documentation of the child’s consent and the assent of guardians or watchmen must follow the rules for educated assent. Each class of subjects that one should seriously mull over to be clumsy, for example, small kids, ought to be considered on their own terms. â€Å"Respect† requires allowing them the chance to pick whether to take an interest to the degree they can settle on a choice. Scientists are not required to get a child’s consent if the kid is unequipped for giving it. Every individual child’s capacity to consent must be resolved. As such, analysts can't accept that all kids underneath a particular age can't consent. Indeed, even a small kid might be fit for understanding what is proposed and in this manner can concur or decay to take an interest. In uncommon occasions, a child’s consent may not be required if the mediation or strategy is probably going to profit the prosperity of the kid legitimately and is accessible just with regards to the examination. This circumstance happens most every now and again in biomedical research. In deciding if kids are equipped for consenting, the IRB will consider the ages, development, and mental condition of the kids in question. This judgment might be made for all youngsters to be engaged with explore under a specific convention, or for every kid, as the IRB esteems suitable. While cooperating with youngsters, use language the kid can comprehend and introduce ideas in a manner the kid can get a handle on. Analysts ought to likewise take care that the kid doesn't feel forced by the specialist as a grown-up (authority figure) or by the child’s parent, gatekeeper, or lawful representativeâ€other authority figures. In considers that include more than negligible hazard, acquire assent from the two guardians, if conceivable. (See â€Å"Studies with *Children*â€More than Minimal Risk. â€Å") For insignificant hazard examines, assent from one parent is adequate. Assent from one parent is likewise allowed if a parent is expired, obscure, uncouth, or not sensibly accessible, or on the off chance that one parent has lawful obligation regarding the consideration and care of the youngster. Without a parent or guardians ready to give assent, assent might be given by a child’s lawful watchman or lawful agent. Youngsters who are dependents of the government or of any office, foundation, or other element may take part in inquire about just if the investigation (1) is identified with the children’s status as wards, or (2) will be directed in schools, camps, emergency clinics, establishments, or comparative settings in which most of kids required as subjects are not wards (that is, the way that an individual subject is a ward is coincidental). In these circumstances, analysts must accommodate the arrangement of a backer for every youngster who is a ward. The backer is notwithstanding the child’s watchman or legitimate delegate, and the person must have the foundation and experience important to act to the greatest advantage of the kid for the term of the child’s support in the examination. An individual may fill in as supporter for more than one youngster; the backer may not be related at all with the proposed explore, the researcher(s), or the child’s watchman association. (See 45CFR46, Subpart D. ) Step by step instructions to refer to Travis Hirschi Social Bond Theory, Papers

From perspectives of grammar and culture, critically discuss Essay

From points of view of language structure and culture, basically examine similitudes and contrasts betwwen English and CHinese with referecne to interpretation - Essay Example All the more in this way, interpretation might be viewed as the impression of a part of a specific language to another. This paper will talk about the likenesses and contrasts among English and Chinese concerning interpretation. Interpretation is fundamental in understanding various societies among various races, strict and social gatherings on the planet. Interpretation assumes a key job in understanding noteworthy components of various language gatherings (Chang 2003. 38). Interpretation from English to Chinese and the other way around is, in any case, weakened as the two are of various language families, these are: Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan. We note that word and sentence request, while handing-off a similar message, fluctuates starting with one language then onto the next. Both Chinese and English utilize the Subject Verb Order rationale in sentences. Though the punctuation applied in one language might be smooth and clear, the equivalent an interpretation of the message in an in exactly the same words framework may bring about the message getting dark or unimaginable (Abacus 2006, 27). For example, in Chinese, descriptive words and intensifiers are set before the thing or action word being adjusted, while, then again, in English, the modifiers are set after the thing or action word they are changing. A genuine case of the strangeness related with exacting interpretations: the first English variant: We are in the field rehearsing. The exacting interpretation in Chinese is â€Å"We have football training field.† The deciphered form, however worthy in Chinese, is ludicrous and wrong in English. In addition, interpretation of set explanations where the word framework depends on conventional use may misshape the sentence structure of the explanation when converted into another dialect. For example, the conventional Chinese articulation â€Å"fan-yan sheng-xi† abstract meant English methods â€Å"multiply and live† (Chang 2003, 49). The interpreted variant is boundless in the English language, with a suitable alternative being,† live and multip ly†. This, be that as it may, twists the

Consumer Law and Internet Advertising - Free Essay Example

Internet Advertising Advertising is one of the major vehicles through which seller can make the consumers/customers aware of their existing/new products. With help of effective advertising, sellers can add new customers while increasing the sales to their existing customer base. Internet is a source of easy connects between sellers and buyers. Online advertising can be of any form including text message, interactive graphics, audio or visual messages. E-advertising has gained popularity among marketers as it endows the sellers with information on consumer buying pattern and accordingly they can design specific products and advertisements to target certain group of audience. But unfortunately this ease of collecting data many times results in frauds, identity theft or violation of customer privacy. Every nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legislation has certain rules and regulations protecting consumer and business from fraudulent and deceptive advertisements. E-advertisings are of no exceptions from this. Those rules and regulations help to maintain the credibility of the internet medium of promotions. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has published few guidelines on online advertising: Advertising must tell the truth and not mislead the consumers Advertisers must have substantial evidences to back up their claims Advertisement must be fair Every advertisement should have required disclaimers or disclosure. These should be very clear so that consumers are able to notice, read and understand those important disclaimers Performance of the products being advertised should be demonstrated during the advertisement Unhappy consumers should get the refund money promised earlier FTC Act prevents unfair and deceptive promotions in any platform. Under Section 5 of FCT Act, an unfair or deceptive practice has been defined as the advertisement which is misleading or not giving full information regarding the product/service. Apart from above mentioned broad headers of advertisement rules, advertisements aimed at children need to follow the guidelines provided by The Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) of the Council of Better Business Bureau. In India, for many years, advertisements were regulated by Govt. tribunal, court or police depending upon the nature of the disputes. Absence of a comprehensive legislation led various confusions both from the industry and the regulatory body perspective. In 1985, a self-regulatory authority, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Advertising Standard Council of India (ASCI)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  was formed. Main objective of this authority was to ensure ethical practices in advertising. Body of ASCI has of Board of Governors, Customer Complaint Council (CCC) and Secretariat. It has members across relevant industries like advertising agencies, market research, consulting, business, education, lawyers, doctors, journalists etc. ASCIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work is based on four basic principles i.e. Honesty, Decency, Responsibility and Fairness in advertising. Objectives of ASCI are pretty much similar to what we have seen for FTC: Maintain image and trustworthiness of advertising Protect against misleading advertising Reinforce generally accepted standard of decency in advertisement Avoid unacceptable practices from societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view If a person feels some advertisement is misleading or deceptive, he/she can directly approach ASCI with the complaint. ASCI follows several steps to cross check the validity of the complaints. In case the advertiser is found to be guilty, ASCI has the power to stop the specific advertisement. During mid of the year 2013, ASCI received complaints against 144 advertisement campaigns on misleading information. Some of the big giants in health and beauty products like Hindustan Unilever, Dabur, Reckitt Benckiser etc. were mentioned in that list. One of the examples was against Hindustan Unilever where Sunsilk Perfect Straight advertisement showed that the shampoo could keep the hair perfectly straight after attending gym session or party. Customer Complaint Council (CCC) found that the advertiser could not substantiate the message and therefore, they sustained the complaint (Source: https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-23/news/41440553_1_asci-national-advertising-mo nitoring-service-complaints-council). Online retailer Snapdeal.com advertised on heavy discounts on October 6, 2014. ASCI mentioned this advertisement as false and non-substantiated by the retailer as the items which were on discount, were not available for the buyers (Source: https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-05/news/57705281_1_customer-complaints-council-narsee-monjee-institute-nissan-motor-india). Recently ASCI has announced the launch of a mobile app through which consumer can lodge complain against misleading advertisement on internet and social media (Source: https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-19/news/60286550_1_asci-advertising-standards-council-new-mobile-app). However, ASCI only acts as a moral support group in the protection of consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ choice from unethical/untruthful advertisements. Advertiser, if not satisfied with ASCI corrective measures, can take the concern to statutory authorities. There are several examples of these kinds of incidents. On 18th December 2014, ASCI gave order to e-commerce site Amazon to withdraw/modify their claim as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“largest online retail storeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . But following Amazonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s plea, Delhi High Court directed ASCI not to enforce that till January 5, 2015 (Source: https://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-29/news/57494962_1_advertising-standards-council-asci-amazon). India having both advertising law and the self-regulatory body ASCI, creates confusion and delay in judgments many times. Advertisement law in India (especially with the surge of online business) seeks more attention to be full proof to protect consumer and business interest. References: https://psalegal.com/upload/publication/assocFile/TMTBulletin-IssueXIV.pdf?utm_source=Mondaqutm_medium=syndicationutm_campaign=View-Original https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/plain-language/bus28-advertising-and-marketing-internet-rules-road.pdf https://www.verio.com/resource-center/business-guides/internet-law/ https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/legal-protection-of-consumers-1463-1.html

Notes On Christianity And Culture - 909 Words

Vidhi Gandhi Christianity and Culture in Dialogue Prof. Miller Paper Assignment 1 Faith and Philosophy as Explored by Justin Martyr and Tertullian Christianity and reason have historically been difficult matters to reconcile. They often conflict with each other, leading to some sort of existential angst. In the early Church, the role of philosophy and its use to understand Christianity was challenged by Justin Martyr and Tertullian. Both Justin and Tertullian confront the issue of faith and reason through their interaction with the Greek philosophy. Justin advocated the use of philosophy in religion, while Tertullian argued against it, but neither of them can be categorized as â€Å"positive† or â€Å"negative† about human culture due to the complexity involved in each argument. Justin applies philosophy to Christianity in order to grasp higher truth. Whereas, Tertullian is more intensely obstinate than Justin in his rejection of philosophy in relation to faith on the basis that it poisons the Christian community and strays them away from the Truth. Despite the differences, the Christian attitude concerning the cu lture is consistent in both texts as†¦.. say somethingggg Justin Martyr’s defense of philosophy in religion is somewhat implicit, in that he uses it in order to defend Christianity. Justin, in his apology for the Christians addressed to the Roman Emperors, makes no overt claim that philosophy should be applied to Christianity, but does so through implication and through hisShow MoreRelatedChristianity And The Modern World Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesideology that has been prevalent in the Modern World since 1815 is Christianity. Christianity is the world’s largest religion serving as an umbrella term for so many sub religions and representing so many interpretations. Since its creation it has played a major role in the lives of thousands of individuals seeking to â€Å"reborn† in the eyes of their lord and savior Jesus Christ. As a result, is it important to note the role Christianity has played on other ideologies in the United States. Which is whyRead MoreThe Classical Period Directions, Diversities And Declines B y 500 C.e1187 Words   |  5 PagesQuestions: Notes: The Classical Period Directions, Diversities and Declines by 500 C.E. Expansion and Integration †¢ Expansion and Integration -Integration includes a mixture of central political values, and institution, common cultures and social values and commercial links -550-400 B.C.E- seminal thinkers rose- Confucius, Buddha, Lao-zi and Socrates Reasons for Unification †¢ Reasons for Unification -China: centralization -India: casteRead MoreMediterranean Society Under Greek and Roman Influence Essay855 Words   |  4 Pagesthe ninth century B.C.E. and during the late sixth century B.C.E, Rome’s development as a republic began as Etruscan society declined†(Bentley et al, 2008 p.132, 145). The development of these empires encouraged cultural circulation, blending the culture of the two empires into the land it conquered. As Greece and Rome gained more territory within the Mediterranean society, they began to progress toward a more civilized order of humanity. How were they alike? How were they different? How did theyRead MoreThe Christianity Of Christianity From A Pagan Society867 Words   |  4 Pagesthe development of Christianity from a Pagan society to Christianity. This development is mentioned in Bede’s work Ecclesiastical History of the Christian People. He discusses kings who helps bring the faith of Christianity to a rise. Paganism does exist even if C hristianity began to rise. Bede suggests there is variations in England due to paganism existing and Christianity is trying to arise. Variations are involved in Paganism at a time when it is dominant over Christianity. By the time of PopeRead MoreChristianity Presentation719 Words   |  3 PagesChristianity Presentation REL/134 Professor Pringle Chagoll Buhl Christianity Presentation Overview ââ€" ª What is Christianity ââ€" ª Christianity Beliefs ââ€" ª What is Nontraditional ââ€" ª Nontraditional Beliefs ââ€" ª Summary ââ€" ª Reference What is Christianity? Christianity[note 1] is an Abrahamic, monotheistic[1] religion based on the life and oral teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world s largest religion,[2][3] with about 2.4 billion adherents,[4][5][6] knownRead MoreReligion : A Unified System Of Beliefs And Practices949 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion is part of people’s culture as culture is also the beliefs and the values of people in a society. Religion plays a very important role in every culture, including American culture. America allow all practice of religion so people who are not allow to practice a religion in other culture move to American soil. The movement of religion from other country to America has made the nation religiously diverse as compare to other nation. Religion in American culture consist of Native American traditionalRead MoreTheme Of Paganism In Beowulf1179 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf, when it was being created, though the passing down of the epic narrative in verbal form, the Christianity age would provide a residual effect to the story. The ideas mixed is not signifying a struggle to attain religious power in the entire story, but the poem is blended with heroic ideals of Paganisms as well as self-sacrificing values which govern Christianity. The elements of Christianity and Paganism gives the poem a touch of delicate mosaic in its formation. The concepts of Fame, VengeanceRead MoreChinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagesbrilliant account of historical African culture and the destruction colonialism can cause upon such cultures. As the reader follows the narrative and complexity of the characters through the novel, a sense of pride, trust, and faith in history emerges. Yet, with the introduction of colonialism the characters must learn to embrace and adapt to a new culture and set of beliefs or face termination from society. The novel explores the troubles of African cultures and their adaptation to colonialism. AsRead MoreChristianity : The Rise Of Christianity1512 Words   |  7 PagesBefore the rise of Christianity as a major religion in the European area, Paganism was a belief that was common a mong all people across Europe. Paganism involved polytheistic beliefs with ritualistic tradition and animal sacrifice. This belief was common in the Anglo-Saxon tradition, which is from where the epic poem Beowulf is thought to have originated circa 550 AD. Due to the origins of Beowulf being surrounded by Pagan tradition and culture and reliance on the method of oral recitation of theRead MoreEssay on Legacy of Rome and Christianity923 Words   |  4 PagesLegacy of Rome and Christianity Christianity came into existence almost 2000 years ago. Christianity, like Judaism, rose from obscurity to become the dominant religion of Western culture. Christianity also became the dominant faith of Rome at the end of fourth century A.D. (Matthews 157.) Both Christianity and Rome influenced Europe in a number of ways. Christianity soon became the greater part of the empire. Between 284 and 476, Roman civilization went through two stages. One

Article Review The Orlando Shooting - 1907 Words

On the 13th of June, there was an attack in Orlando, Florida. It was held at the L.G.B.T. nightclub, which caused 50 death fatalities. President Obama told the reporters that this moment is to remind everyone regardless of race and religion, they’re all Americans and need to look out and protect each other. The President is stressing on the need to oppose violent extremism and the need to work harder in order to tighten America’s gun law. The President made an announcement, â€Å"We have to go after these terrorist organizations and hit them hard, we have to encounter extremism...it’s not easy for somebody who decides they want to harm people....† He believes people think about terrorism, instead of thinking about the weapons that could harm others. It is a risk for the country to have an easy firearm, whether for safety or not, it is lethal. Relevance: The Orlando shooting is one of the most tragic events that happened in the U.S., which causes people to wonder what will happen in the future, such as, â€Å"Will there be more deaths arriving at an untimely manner?† The opinions about banning/tightening gun protection are unscrupulous to others whereas the other majority trusts that it will benefit the United States later on, including myself. However, this issue will become bigger because it makes people realize that they live in an unsafe location Political Cartoon: Summary: How Abortion Restrictions Could Collide With Zika in the U.S. this Summer Alexandra Sifferlin July 7,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Police Body Cameras On The Police Force1497 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology will provide an â€Å"unambiguous account of police-civilian encounters† (Harvard Law Review, 2015). There is the obvious theory of transparency that goes along with the mandate for police body cameras and only time will measure its true historic viability. This paper will review the statistical results from the pilot exercises conducted and who is embracing this new technology. Literature Review Police body cameras indeed may prove to have a long-term positive effect for law enforcementRead MoreAnswer All Questions In The Activity Box Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesof gun owners has also increased mass shooting in schools, concerts, and the streets. Evidence for this claim would be the recent shootings in the past 20 years (Sandy Hook shooting, Las Vegas Shooting, Orlando Nightclub shooting, Charleston). I would also include statistics and one or two detailed stories of a mass shooting, how the country and families of those shooters reacted. A claim that would be too emotional would be that â€Å"Guns cause mass shootings and anybody who owns a gun has the potentialRead Morestand your ground law Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesthe law are far too great to be ignored; therefore something has to be done to prevent further miss use of the law. Violent crime rates were up just slightly after the introduction of the law in 2005 and began to decline in 2008. According to an article published in the Tampa By Times by Angie Drobonic â€Å"By 2011, the violent crime rate had dropped 14 percent since 2005†. The fact is that there was a decrease in the crime rate, but according to Senator Chis Smith who was the House Democratic leaderRead MoreThe Problems Of Nigeria Police Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesR. 2011). What if those police officers had worn a body camera that shows all angles of the shootings? Would we see the truth of what actually happened when these men were killed if the officers had worn a body camera? A study done by Washington Examiner shows â€Å"Forty-six officers of Orlando s Police Department were outfitted with $600 body-worn cameras for an entire year, from March 2014-February 2015. Another 43 officers without camerasRead MoreGuns in Schools2018 Words   |  9 PagesGuns in Schools With the number of mass school shootings and incidents of violence in schools that have been reported since April 20, 1999; the public is crying out for stricter laws to help protect our children. In direct response to the Columbine High School shooting, schools across the country adopted a variety of â€Å"safety† measures that included mandatory uniforms to prevent the wearing of gang colors and allowing faculty to more readily identify intruders, installation of metalRead MoreEffect Of Citizen Police Academies On Community Relationships With The Police Essay1970 Words   |  8 Pages The Effect of Citizen Police Academies on Community Relationships with the Police Background Over the past several years, there have been several high-profile police-involved shootings, and the justification behind the shooting has been questioned. Several of these shootings have resulted in a subsequent criminal conviction involving some form of a homicide charge for the police officer involved. This has created a great division between those who support and those who oppose the police.Read MoreShootings : Shootings And The Justification Behind The Shooting Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesBackground Over the past several years, there have been several high-profile police-involved shootings, and the justification behind the shooting has been questioned. Several of these shootings have resulted in a subsequent criminal conviction involving some form of a homicide charge for the police officer involved. This has created a great division between those who support and those who oppose the police. Police agencies and community leaders have sought to repair this relationship, and citizenRead MoreGun Control And The Gun Laws2257 Words   |  10 Pagesneed to move beyond the never-ending debate over gun control. We need to work out a compromise that will help law enforcement put a stop to these terrible mass shootings while preserving Second Amendment rights. 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Unfortunately, researc h shows that these policies are not being implemented in this manner, but instead see these policies leading to what Kelling and Coles referred to as the â€Å"Broken Windows† theory of crime (Kelling Coles, 1997). This theory of crime shows a â€Å"trickle-down effect† of how things that start as minor crimes can then lead to more serious issues and crimes. For example, Steven Teske described this theory in his article, A study of zero tolerance

Check 21

Check 21-The Float has sunk Essay Check 21 / CCAF ActThe Float has sunkCheck 21 and the ConsumerChecking Account Fairness (CCAF) Act The Float Has SunkNear the end of 2004, the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (Check 21) went into effect, bringing with it mixed opinions on what consumers and bankers alike could expect. The now law dealt with the exchange of digitized checks opposed to physical checks, and decreased processing time drastically. The belief among many circles was that checks would begin to bounce en masse, and that the consumer would be impacted in a drastic way. This paper touches on the underlying subject of the float as well as subsequent legislation entitled the Consumer Checking Account Fairness Act (CCAF) that addresses imperfections in Check 21. We will offer information on both acts and show how we as the consumer can expect to be affected. The FloatVentureline. com defines the term float as being the time between the deposit of checks in a bank and when the amount is truly accessible (2005). This term, although unfamiliar to some, represents a time honored practice that virtually everyone, of any age, has become familiar with. With respect to our personal finances, a float is used to buy the consumer time before funds must be withdrawn from an account. It is advantageous to use from the standpoint of cash flow, as funds might not be available immediately to cover a check, but are expected. This gives the consumer a small amount of leeway in writing checks, as the float may afford the consumer several days before they must cover a check. In a business setting, things are a bit different. There are still advantages that can be realized from a cash flow standpoint, however the float is more of a tool than a resource for the business, and corporate use of the float has revolved more around profit than prevention. In every business, or household for that matter, there will always be two separate balances for cash. The first refers to the actual recorded amount on the corporate books, while the second is represented by the balance that the bank shows. The difference between these figures, or the float, means that a business can take advantage of short term cash to use for other means. For example, if a company writes $1,000 worth of checks to vendors and receives $1,000 from customers, there would be no difference in what the corporate books show as operating cash available. However, consider another possible scenario. If the full $1,000 from customers clears the host bank while only $600 of payables checks run the clearing cycle, there is a temporary, short term amount of cash that is available to the firm. In some instances, the float can enable companies to benefit from short term loans with no interest consequence. In their text entitled Foundations of Financial Management, Block Hirt state that Some companies actually operate with a negative cash balance on the corporate books, knowing float will carry them through at the bank. Our example above illustrates this fact, and the float makes it possible to write $1,400 of checks against income of $1,000 and benefit from what is, in essence, a short term loan. Reality Check 21In late 2004, Congress enacted the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (Check 21). The act took technology to the forefront of banking and eliminated one, time consuming step in the check cashing process-the need for the physical check to change hands. The law permits the use of substitute checks to facilitate the clearing process, and as a result, clearing times would be substantially decreased. One could obviously see how this technology could jeopardize the use of float both personally and commercially. .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a , .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a .postImageUrl , .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a , .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a:hover , .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a:visited , .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a:active { border:0!important; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a:active , .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue410a9330c3287d06b8955302a75768a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Summary of 1984 essay This new technology would enable banks to eliminate the time it takes to clear checks and potentially eliminate float altogether. However, in her article entitled Still Got Float, author Karen Bankston suggests that there is still hope. Addressing the issue of whether we have seen the last of float, Bankston states that for many institutions the return for quicker check clearance-except for those checks of high amounts-does not justify the current, relatively high cost of converting them (estimated at 5 to 7 cents per check) to an electronic image (Jan 2005). This fact suggests that full conversion is still a matter of time. Michael Sisk, author of Shifting Gears agrees with this estimate on cost and implementation, and believes that in the infancy stages of implementation, the largest banks will have the resources to jump in headfirst. Following this, will be the ones hoping to learn from mistakes made by the initial wave, and finally the rest of the industry (Sisk, 2005). One drawback in the progression of this theory is that there are competitive reasons to be a leader in this realm; specifically, cost advantages can be passed onto corporate clients and bundled into cash management packages (Sisk 2005). CCAFIn response to Check 21, and the potential death of float, New York Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney, a member of the House Financial Services Committee, has sponsored H.R 5410, the Consumer Checking Account Fairness Act, or CCAF. This legislation was proposed to redress imbalances between the speed of withdrawals under Check 21 and the slower speed of crediting deposits (Schneider, 2005). In other words, there is apparently life left in float, only not the way the check writer would hope. Banks are still able, and willing to hold certain deposits made by consumers and businesses alike, taking advantage of float interest. Allowing this to happen, would only become more problematic for consumers as Check 21 gains momentum. With reduced clearing times and check holding procedures remaining at the status quo, the float advantage shifts to one side only, and left holding the overdraft fee is the bank member or business. To combat this, the aforementioned legislation is seeking to address hold times, as well as other issues involving deposits such as ATM deposit availability, and credit v. debit priority. In response to this, Ivan Schneider, in his article entitled The Flap Over The Float, suggests that Check 21 is not to blame, stating it (CCAF) explicitly makes a connection between Check 21 and hold times, even though the two are unrelated (Schneider, 2005). In other words, the new law simply eliminates the formality of a piece of paper (2005) and was not penned to do away with float for the consumer. Summary In the opening paragraph, we defined float according to financial standards. One definition we are probably more accustomed to is Websters, n- something that floats in or on the surface of a fluid (Websters). This could refer to a device that helps us keep our heads above water. Ironically, our financial definition could serve as a figurative equivalent. However, float, as we have known it, is on life support. Check 21 may not have been designed for the purpose of eliminating float time, but it most certainly has achieved this as a by-product. It remains a mystery as to how much longer it will be before banks are able to spend the money to fully integrate with what has come to be known as IRDs, or image replacement documents. So in the meantime, depending upon whom you bank with, or the size of the check you write, may dictate whether or not your documents are electronically sent. One thing that is certain, the advantage has now swung in the direction of the banking center, and only time will tell whether or not there will be relief under CCAF.ReferencesBankston, Karen, Still Got Float, Credit Union Management; Jan2005Sisk, Michael, Its Time for a Reality Check on Check 21, Bank TechnologyNews; Jan2005Retrieved Apr 25, 2005 from www.ventureline.com/glossarySchneider, Ivan, Cut the Fee or Wait and See?, Bank Systems Technology,2005, CMP media LLC. .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e , .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e .postImageUrl , .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e , .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e:hover , .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e:visited , .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e:active { border:0!important; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e:active , .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u11af55a7064850e9c6bef791ab55a69e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: University of Florida Volleyball Essay Retrieved April 26, 2005 from: www.banktech.comSchneider, Ivan, The Flap Over The Float, Bank Systems Technology, 2005,CMP media LLC. Retrieved April 26, 2005 from: www.banktech.com